Hannah Adams, American Historian and Writer

Hannah Adams, American Historian and Writer Hannah Adams Facts Known for:  first American author to make a living from writing; pioneer historian of religion who presented faiths on their own termsOccupation:  writer, tutorDates:  October 2, 1755 – December 15, 1831Also known as: Miss Adams Background, Family: Mother: Elizabeth Clark Adams (died when Hannah was 11)Father: Thomas Adams (merchant, farmer)Siblings: Hannah was born second of five siblings John Adams was a distant relative Education: Educated at home and self-educated Marriage, Children: Never married Hannah Adams Biography: Hannah Adams was born in Medfield, Massachusetts. Hannah’s mother died when Hannah was about 11 and her father remarried, adding four more children to the family.   Her father had inherited wealth when he inherited his father’s farm, and he invested it in selling â€Å"English goods† and books.   Hannah read extensively in her father’s library, her poor health preventing her from attending school. When Hannah was 17, a few years before the American Revolution, her father’s business failed, and his fortune was lost.   The family took in divinity students as boarders; from some, Hannah learned some logic, Latin and Greek.   Hannah and her siblings had to make their own livings.   Hannah sold bobbin lace she had made and taught school, and also began to write.   She kept up her reading, even while contributing to the support of her siblings and her father. History of Religions A student gave her a copy of a 1742 historical dictionary of religions by Thomas Broughton, and Hannah Adams read it with great interest, following up on many topics in other books.   She reacted with â€Å"disgust† to the way in which most authors treated the study of the denominations and their differences: with considerable hostility and what she called a â€Å"want of candor.†Ã‚   And so she compiled and wrote her own collection of descriptions, trying to depict each as its own proponents might do, using the sect’s own arguments. She published her resulting book as An Alphabetical Compendium of the Various Sects Which Have Appeared from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Present Day in 1784. The agent who represented her took all the profits, leaving Adams with nothing.   While teaching school for income, she continued to write, publishing a pamphlet about women’s role in wartime in 1787, arguing that women’s role was different from men’s.   She also worked to get a United States copyright law passed – and was successful in 1790. In 1791, the year after the copyright law passed, the minister of King’s Chapel in Boston, James Freeman, helped her develop a list of subscribers so she could publish an extended second edition of her book, this time called A View of Religion and adding two parts to cover religions other than the Christian denominations. She continued to update the book and issue new editions. Her research included a wide correspondence.   Among those she consulted were Joseph Priestley, a scientist and Unitarian minister, and Henri Grà ©goire, a French priest and part of the French Revolution, who helped her with her subsequent book on Jewish history. New England History and a Controversy With her success in the history of religions, she took on the history of New England. She issued her first edition in 1799.   By that time, her eyesight had largely failed, and it was very difficult for her to read. She adapted her history of New England by creating a shorter edition, for schoolchildren, in 1801. In the course of that work, she found that the Rev. Jedidiah Morse and the Rev. Elijah Parish published similar books, copying parts of Adams’ New England history.   She tried to contact Morse, but that resolved nothing.   Hannah hired a lawyer and filed a lawsuit with the help of friends Josiah Quincy, Stephen Higgenson and William S. Shaw.   One of the ministers defended his copying, on the grounds that women should not be writers. The Rev. Morse was a leader of the more orthodox wing of Massachusetts Congregationalism, and those who supported a more liberal Congregationalism supported Hannah Adams in the ensuing dispute.   Ã‚  The result was that Morse was to pay damages to Adams, but he did not pay anything.   In 1814, both he and Adams published their versions of the dispute, believing the publication of their stories and the related documents would clear each of t heir names. Religion and Travels In the meantime, Hannah Adams had become closer to the liberal religious party, and had begun to describe herself as a Unitarian Christian.   Her 1804 book on Christianity reflects her orientation.   In 1812, she published a more in-depth Jewish history.   In 1817, a considerably edited version of her first religious dictionary was published as A Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations. While she never married and did not travel very far – Providence the limit – Hannah Adams spent a good deal of her adult life visiting acquaintances and friends as a house guest for extended visits.   This permitted her to make connections which were begun and extended in correspondence through letters.   Her letters show extensive correspondence with other educated women of New England, including Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren.   Hannah Adams’ distant cousin, John Adams, another Unitarian and a U.S. President, invited her to a two-week stay at his Massachusetts home. Respected for her writing by others in New England literary circles, Adams was admitted to the Boston Athenaeum, an organization for writers. Death Hannah died in Brookline, Massachusetts, on December 15, 1831, shortly after finishing writing her memoirs. Her interment was at Cambridge’s Mount Auburn Cemetery in November of the following year. Legacy Hannah Adams’ memoirs were published in 1832, the year after she died, with some additions and editing by her friend, Hannah Farnham Sawyer Lee.   It is a source for insight into the daily culture of the educated class of New England, in which Hannah Adams moved. Charles Harding painted a portrait of Hannah Adams for display in the Boston Athenaeum. Hannah Adams’ contribution to the field of comparative religion was virtually forgotten, and her Dictionary was long out of print.   In the 20th century, scholars began to attend to her work, seeing her unique and pioneering view of religions at a time when the prevailing view was mostly defenses of a scholar’s own religion over others. Adams’ papers and those of her family can be found at the Massachusetts Historical Society, New England Historic Genealogical Society, Schlesinger Library of Radcliffe College, Yale University and New York Public Library. Religion: Unitarian Christian Writings by Hannah Adams: 1784: An Alphabetical Compendium of the Various Sects Which Have Appeared from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Present Day 1787: Women Invited to War (pamphlet)1791: View of Religious Opinions.   The three parts were: An Alphabetical Compendium of the Various Sects Which Have Appeared from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Present DayA Brief Account of Paganism, Mohammedanism, Judaism, and DeismAn Account of the Different Religions of the World 1799: A Summary History of New England 1801:   An Abridgment of the History of New England 1804:   The Truth and Excellence of the Christian Religion Exhibited 1812: History of the Jews 1814: A Narrative of the Controversy between the Rev. Jedidiah Morse, D. D., and the Author 1817: Dictionary of All Religions and Religious Denominations (a fourth edition of her View of Religious Opinions)1824: Letters on the Gospels 1831/2: A Memoir of Miss Hannah Adams, Written by Herself. With Additional Notices by a Friend Books and Other Resources About Hannah Adams: There is no historical biography of Hannah Adams at this writing.   Her contributions to literature and to the study of comparative religion have been analyzed in several journals, and contemporary journals mention the publication of her books and sometimes include reviews. Two other documents on the controversy over copying Adams’ New England history are: Jedidiah Morse. An Appeal to the Public. 1814Sidney E. Morse. Remarks on the Controversy between Doctor Morse and Miss Adams. 1814

Recognized leadership theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Recognized leadership theory - Research Paper Example The objective of the research paper will be therefore concentrated towards observing how a recognized leadership theory can influence the effectiveness of any non-profit organization. Besides, the organizational structure, staffing, construction of board of directors and the mission of such non-profit organizations will also be considered in the discussion henceforth with the intention to observe if these components are impacted by the leadership theory mostly applied in profit oriented business sectors to enhance the overall organizational effectiveness. Role of Leadership in any Non-profit Organization In the modern day context, it has often been observed that non-profit organizations exhibit a private segment approach and seeks independence in relation to its operations. However, unlike profit based organizations, non-profit organizations are not bounded by economic conditions. Although non-profit organizations can earn profits, the profits are not shared to the employees or the b oard members, rather the earned profits are used in the activities and programs strategized by the organization for accomplishing its determined non-profit organizational mission. ... ce the activities of non-profit organizations, nevertheless it is not the mainstream view of public segment businesses that commands the non-profit service delivery activities. Frequently, minority matters become key considerations for non-profit organizations for determining the activities (Riggio & Orr, 2004). The other feature of non-profit organizations can be identified with reference to its leadership approaches where the management generally entices the consideration of public interests being subjected to intentional involvement of people. No other segment, except the non-profit segment depends profoundly on volunteer support. Thus, their interests can impose a substantial impact on the strategies and services of non-profit organizations. These unique features of non-profit organizations call for different leadership theories while designing the organizational structure, mission and policies. It is worth mentioning in this context that key leadership theories can undertake cer tain attentions to the unique abilities of non-profit organizations owing to which, non-profit organizational leaders need to be prudent enough, comparatively more than that witnessed amid profit-centered organizations for putting close attention to the basic characteristics of the organizational culture as a symbolic illustration of the essence and soul of the organization (Riggio & Orr, 2004). Leadership The conceptual background of the term ‘leadership’ possesses several features in today’s modern society. Leadership denotes to the role of executives in order to express the mission of organizations. Correspondingly, leaders provide a vision and superseding objectives to stimulate the followers for enhancing the self-respect of members associated either directly or indirectly with

Research Topic Literature Exploration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Topic Literature Exploration - Essay Example Other than that working outside in long hour jobs, pursuing other interests, sibling rivalry and lack of interest on the parts of parents to take keen interest in children’s school work results in dropouts (Ash, Katie). What should be: There is need to mark future dropouts. Building an early warning data system and a two-fold agenda of high standards and high graduation rates can help in decreasing high school dropouts. Schools should provide a pleasant experience to students through their operational activities to obstruct the speed of dropouts. Data collection on high school dropouts is very important and should not be skipped. Checklist approach to know the students at risk of dropping out of school should not be the only alterative method to know future dropouts, as it has its own drawbacks. An alternative checklist should be prepared to analyze the data on comparison between two groups -- dropouts and graduates, called â€Å"regression analysis† to develop a â€Å"statistically generated prediction formula.† Longitudinal data helps in assessing risk factors; On track indicators used by preventive programs should be used to bring down dropout rates (Craig D. Jerald). What should be? Research on instructional and structural strategies to inculcate reading and writing skills among students suggests that motivational and self-directed learning can be an easy and effective way by allowing them freedom of reading time and providing range in reading besides giving them freedom to select research and writing topics (Biancarosa, Gina). Strategic tutoring -- It also helps students not only in completing particular tasks but helps them in writing independently. Strategic tutoring provides customized help to students – identifying and focusing their weak areas such as poor writing skills (Biancarosa, Gina). Intensive writing – It requires integration of writing with reading comprehension for which reading instructions should be clear and specific

Vietnam War - Paper Essay Example for Free

Vietnam War Paper Essay The Vietnam War was a conflict between the communist, North Vietnam and South Vietnam. In the wake of the Second World War western fears of a communist expansion throughout Asia were running high. The United States was concerned that if North Vietnam succeed and turned Vietnam into a communist state, neighboring countries were also likely to follow. As an ally of the United States and Australia’s involvement in South-East Asia Treaty Organization and the Australia New Zealand United States Security Treaty and the belief in forward defence Australia was an enthusiastic supporter of the American policy in Vietnam. The majority of Australians supported the countrys involvement in the Vietnam War in its early years mainly because of the threat of communism. Australia felt that if communism dominated South Vietnam it would be an even bigger risk to Australia because of the domino effect. If Vietnam fell into communism so will its neighboring countries including Australia. Australia did not want to fall into communism and agreeing to the request for help by South Vietnam, Australia supported the war and troops were immediately sent to Vietnam. The decision to send the army to Vietman was also made by the Older Australians which were part of the group called the Returned Servicemens League. These people believed in the idea of the Anzac Spirit and expected the younger generation to do their bit as they had during World War II. The Australian People and Liberal Party rallied behind the leadership of Menzies. Therefore, the Liberal Party was also in agreement with Australias involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1966, Australia warmly welcomed the visit of the American president, Lyndon Baines Johnson. The new prime minister of Australia enthusiastically declared that when it came to Vietnam, Australia was all the way with LBJ, which meant that Australia was willing to support the US in supporting the Vietnam War. The Democratic Labor Party at that time who split from the Labor Party had a very large Catholic membership and was also very anti-communist. It was also determined to oppose any ALP policies so it automatically supported the war. After the first announcement of sending troops there was a general support from the news outlets for the governments policy. This wasn’t the kind of support shown in Australia’s involvement in previous wars. There was little mention of words like heroic and more mention of words like grave  decision’. Many of the papers simply said Australia had no alternative, given its geographical position and its treaty commitments. The support was there, but it was muted and it tended to question the political situation in South Vietnam. Australian Catholics had been encouraged to see South Vietnam as not only the last democracy in South East Asia, but as a Catholic democracy. There was widespread support for the government of the Republic of Vietnam, even after the assassination of the Catholic leader Ngo Dinh Diem. At the same time as the Australian government made the announcement that it was sending troops, the Pope called for negotiations to take place in Vietnam for a peaceful resolution. Many Australian Catholics did not see the Popes announcement as any reason not to support the commitment of troops to South Vietnam and so they were in support. There was even a large section of the community who seemed to take no interest in what was going on in South East Asia. Many people believed Vietnam to be too far away for the average person to care about. They were quite unconcerned about the war and firmly believed it should be left up to the government and the army to sort out. Sending troops off to fight in wars was seen by many ordinary Australians as not only the right thing to do but as a good way of increasing Australias prestige in the world. This caused a lot of people to automatically support the government without really questioning if it was a good idea or not. On the contrary, there were many people and organisations that were against this war. Anti-war protests had been taking place in Australia since 1962 when the first military advisors had been sent in to Vietnam. Since then, protests had taken place for various reasons at various times, but it was not until the P.M.’s announcement in April 1965 to provide an infantry battalion for service in Vietnam for ‘further military assistance’ when protests really began to take shape. This opposition was a result of extensive media coverage, a unequal system of conscription and growing political consciousness. A lot of violent and gruesome footage of the war was broadcasted right into peoples homes every evening. Many protests were the result of this. Conscription introduced in November 1964 had forced young men to fight away from their home country. Many people saw this as unfair and wrong. This too caused a lot of controversy and many arguments were made against the government for  introducing this. The ALP was against the commitment of troops to Vietnam. The Labor leader Arthur Calwell had the unenviable job of responding to the government in parliament. Labor saw the war as essentially a civil one in which Australia should not get involved. Calwell did say that they would back the Australian troops and not deny them the support they would need. Many of the trade unions called the government support of Americas foreign policy in Vietnam diggers for dollars. They believed the Australian government was sacrificing the lives of Australian troops to ensure that America would boost the economy by spending more money in Australia. In response to this belief and the announcement of more troops being sent to Vietnam, unions wanted to hold work stoppages in protest. The Australian Council of Trade Unions followed the Labor Party policy of not supporting the war but not denying the soldiers support. In later years, no other group would be more associated with anti-war activities, but reaction in the universities immediately after the announcement. Educated university students didnt see the point in continuing a futile war. They thought that young men being forced to go to war was unnecessary, it disturbed their lives and the potential to live to their dreams. They also thought that the enormous amount of money used on the war should be spent on helping their own count. The fact that it was an overseas war and that it had nothing to do with us was another reason for opposition. The reason why they were opposing the war is because they considered that Australia is following USA blindly, it is not our war and they also didnt like the idea of young men being forced into war and innocent woman, elders and children being killed due to the war. There was also a large and angry anti-war movement growing. There were public draft-card burnings, student sit ins and large noisy group demonstrations when the American President, Johnson visited Australia. By the late 1960s a much stronger and more violent form of protest appeared. Protesters raided officers and campaigns were launched to persuade young men not to register for conscription. The Labor Party was against the conscription method, calling it unfair, and they had much support from the Australian public. We should stop following US policy blindly The women of SOS â€Å"put on their hats and gloves and carried their blue and white banners high to the army barracks, to court, to Parliament House, to the City Sq uare, and even, in 1969, to Vietnam itself. Most of the SOS members were  ordinary middle-class and working-class women, wives and mothers, who had no connections to the radical youth counter-culture, but they educated themselves and others on the situation in Vietnam and on the laws associated with conscription and conscientious objection. In the process, their politics became increasingly radical. Later, Following the success of the November 1969 Moratorium in the United States, a series of Australian’s groups opposed to the war in Vietnam decided to band together to put on a Moratorium in Australia. The demonstration in Melbourne, led by Member of Parliament Jim Cairns, had over 100,000 people taking to the streets in Melbourne alone. Across Australia, it was estimated that 200,000 people were involved. The second Vietnam Moratorium in September 1970 was smaller after more violence occurred. 50 000 people participated and there were violent incidents between police. Two hundred people were arrested in Sydney. The third moratorium in June 1971 were of nearly 100 000 people. By this time public opinion was beginning to turn assertively against conscription and Australian‘s involvement in the war. The intensity of the conflict in Australia over our involvement in Vietnam, and the issue of conscription, contributed to the election of a Labor government in December 1972. Twenty-three years of conservative Liberal government had ended. The new Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, immediately abolished National Service and recalled the Australian army. As we see due to the fear of communism in Australia most Australian’s were ready to send troops to fight in Vietnam. However, as the war progressed and the society were starting to see all the pictures on TV and hearing so much soldiers are dying and sent overseas and that this war can’t be won, Australian’s started to do something about this. They went out on streets to protest, fig ht, and hold moratoriums and as a result of these conflicts the troops were called back after 10 years and 60,000 soldiers fighting in the longest war Australia had been part of.

Pro-wrestling In The Nineties :: essays research papers fc

Pro-Wrestling In the Nineties   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A worldwidae phenomenon has swept our worlds people. It has sold out huge stadiums every Monday, Tuesday, and once a month Sundays. This phenom is called Pro-Wrestling, and it seems to have a death grip on today’s youth. I for the most part am an avid fan of wrestling and consider myself very knowledgeable on this subject. That is why I feel that I am able to show an unbiased view of wrestling and what happens behind the scenes, and around children’s homes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The company called WWFE (World Wrestling Federation Enterprises) went from a small company into a huge corporation basically overnight, and then drifted into obscurity again. The WWF’s first popularity influx occurred in the mid 1980’s due to a man called Terry Boella, better known as Hulk Hogan. His charisma and basic likeability made people take a liking to his character right away. Hogan was quoted as saying, â€Å"I am happy that I can bring the business that I have put my blood, sweat, and tears into straight up to the top of the world† (Hogan) Unfortunately, Vince McMahon, the CEO of the WWF, was involved in a scandal that shocked the world. He was handing out steroids to his employees, in order to make them bigger and more intimidating. This was certainly a blow to the up and coming corporation, although Mr. McMahon was quoted as saying â€Å"any publicity is good publicity†, this was definitely the wrong type of publicity he nee ded. This scandal drove away many of the WWF’s fans, which were children whose parents didn’t want them to watch.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, over 10 years after those initial scandals, the popularity of the corporation has risen to never before seen heights. Every day they earn millions of dollars on merchandising. Not to mention the amount they get for selling commercial time during their programs, which are the highest rated on cable television. All of this popularity is due to one man, Steve Austin. His hatred for authority and trust no-one attitude brought the federation into its new era. His character appealed to everyone from school children to regular businessmen. Unfortunately for the WWF this newfound popularity has also brought new problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These new problems are lawsuits, brought about by the parents of children who are injured while â€Å"wrestling†. While the shows are rated â€Å"PG14† on television parents still allow their young children to watch.

Soul Surfer Reaction Paper

1) How will you describe Bethany as a person? I would describe her as a person who found hope in the midst of her problem. She found her shelter and that was in Gods arms,she realized that there is still hope and that you shouldn’t give up in a dream that you already have. She tried to achieved it she failed but tried again she a strong,hopeful and a very inspiring model for all of us. 2) How will you describe her family? I would describe her family as a very supportuve,loving and caring family. In times when she needs them they are always there for her. They support for the things she do, that they know is good for her and everyone. They help her battle those sad situations together and protects from those people who they think can hurt her in any way. 3) How was the healing power love manifested in the movie? It was shown through their moral support and how they show how they care,love and support her in a way that assures Bethany they are always there for her when they need them. 4) How did her exposure to Thailand help her find herself? It help her find herself when she found out that the people in Thailand were scared of the sea. They are scared because of what they experienced which was worse than Bethany’s case. She taught them how to cling on hope and try to face the fact that there is always hope when a catastrophe happens. 5) What have you realized from the film? I have realized that I should not give up, those problems,catasrophe’s are just a test from God. Remember ther is always hope and you can always come running back to God’s loving arms for comfort and understanding. In your faith you can find your real self, you will have strength to face what

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